diff --git a/lsp/java/src/main/java/com/itsaky/androidide/lsp/java/refactor/AnchorMember.kt b/lsp/java/src/main/java/com/itsaky/androidide/lsp/java/refactor/AnchorMember.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a6a787c29f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lsp/java/src/main/java/com/itsaky/androidide/lsp/java/refactor/AnchorMember.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+package com.itsaky.androidide.lsp.java.refactor
+
+import com.itsaky.androidide.lsp.refactor.TextSpan
+import jdkx.lang.model.element.Modifier
+import openjdk.source.tree.BlockTree
+import openjdk.source.tree.ClassTree
+import openjdk.source.tree.CompilationUnitTree
+import openjdk.source.tree.MethodTree
+import openjdk.source.tree.Tree
+import openjdk.source.tree.VariableTree
+import openjdk.source.util.SourcePositions
+import openjdk.source.util.TreePath
+
+/**
+ * The class member the new method becomes a sibling of (R4).
+ *
+ * "Direct member of a `ClassTree`" covers every anchor uniformly: a method, a constructor, an
+ * initializer block, and a field whose initializer holds a lambda. Java has no local-method form, so
+ * unlike Kotlin there is no insert-before case and no "nowhere to anchor" refusal.
+ */
+internal class AnchorMember(
+	val path: TreePath,
+	val classPath: TreePath,
+	val span: TextSpan,
+	val isStatic: Boolean,
+	val method: MethodTree?,
+)
+
+/**
+ * The nearest ancestor that is a direct member of a class.
+ *
+ * A nested class is never climbed past: a region inside a member of an inner, local or anonymous class
+ * anchors on that member, so the new method lands in the class whose members the region reads.
+ */
+internal fun anchorMemberFor(
+	regionPath: TreePath,
+	root: CompilationUnitTree,
+	positions: SourcePositions,
+): AnchorMember? {
+	var current: TreePath = regionPath
+	while (true) {
+		val parent = current.parentPath ?: return null
+		if (parent.leaf is ClassTree) {
+			val member = current.leaf
+			val span = spanOf(root, positions, member) ?: return null
+			return AnchorMember(
+				path = current,
+				classPath = parent,
+				span = span,
+				isStatic = isStaticMember(member),
+				method = member as? MethodTree,
+			)
+		}
+		current = parent
+	}
+}
+
+/** A static anchor forces a `static` method: no instance to resolve `this` or an instance member on. */
+private fun isStaticMember(member: Tree): Boolean =
+	when (member) {
+		is MethodTree -> Modifier.STATIC in member.modifiers.flags
+		is VariableTree -> Modifier.STATIC in member.modifiers.flags
+		is BlockTree -> member.isStatic
+		else -> false
+	}
+
+/** The trees the region actually covers: one expression, or each statement of the range. */
+internal fun regionPathsOf(region: ExtractionRegion): List<TreePath> =
+	when (region) {
+		is ExtractionRegion.Expression -> {
+			listOf(region.path)
+		}
+
+		is ExtractionRegion.Statements -> {
+			val blockPath = region.path.parentPath
+			if (blockPath == null) listOf(region.path) else region.statements.map { TreePath(blockPath, it) }
+		}
+	}
diff --git a/lsp/java/src/main/java/com/itsaky/androidide/lsp/java/refactor/RegionReferences.kt b/lsp/java/src/main/java/com/itsaky/androidide/lsp/java/refactor/RegionReferences.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d32efc5cc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lsp/java/src/main/java/com/itsaky/androidide/lsp/java/refactor/RegionReferences.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+package com.itsaky.androidide.lsp.java.refactor
+
+import com.itsaky.androidide.lsp.refactor.TextSpan
+import jdkx.lang.model.element.Element
+import jdkx.lang.model.element.VariableElement
+import openjdk.source.tree.AssignmentTree
+import openjdk.source.tree.CompilationUnitTree
+import openjdk.source.tree.CompoundAssignmentTree
+import openjdk.source.tree.IdentifierTree
+import openjdk.source.tree.Tree
+import openjdk.source.tree.UnaryTree
+import openjdk.source.util.SourcePositions
+import openjdk.source.util.TreePath
+import openjdk.source.util.TreePathScanner
+import openjdk.source.util.Trees
+
+internal class Reference(
+	val element: Element,
+	val offset: Int,
+)
+
+/**
+ * Every named reference the region makes, in source order.
+ *
+ * Identifiers only: a member select's own selector resolves to a field or method, which needs nothing,
+ * and its base is an identifier this already sees. Nested lambdas and local classes **are** descended
+ * into, since a local they capture is a local the new method must be handed.
+ */
+internal fun collectReferences(
+	regionPaths: List<TreePath>,
+	root: CompilationUnitTree,
+	positions: SourcePositions,
+	trees: Trees,
+): List<Reference> {
+	val references = mutableListOf<Reference>()
+
+	fun consider(path: TreePath) {
+		val leaf = path.leaf
+		if (leaf !is IdentifierTree) return
+		val element = runCatching { trees.getElement(path) }.getOrNull() ?: return
+		val span = spanOf(root, positions, leaf) ?: return
+		references += Reference(element, span.start)
+	}
+
+	val scanner =
+		object : TreePathScanner<Unit, Unit>() {
+			override fun scan(
+				tree: Tree?,
+				p: Unit?,
+			): Unit? {
+				if (tree == null) return null
+				consider(TreePath(currentPath, tree))
+				return super.scan(tree, p)
+			}
+		}
+
+	regionPaths.forEach { path ->
+		consider(path)
+		scanner.scan(path, null)
+	}
+	return references.sortedBy { it.offset }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The name of the variable the region reassigns but does not declare, or null when there is none (R7).
+ *
+ * Only a reassignment of the variable *itself* counts. An element write through a captured reference
+ * (`arr[i] = x`) mutates what the caller can already see, so it needs no rule -- the same distinction
+ * `writeOffsetsFor` draws for extract variable.
+ */
+internal fun outerReassignmentIn(
+	regionPaths: List<TreePath>,
+	span: TextSpan,
+	anchor: AnchorMember,
+	root: CompilationUnitTree,
+	trees: Trees,
+	positions: SourcePositions,
+): String? {
+	var found: String? = null
+
+	fun consider(path: TreePath) {
+		if (found != null) return
+		val target =
+			when (val leaf = path.leaf) {
+				is AssignmentTree -> leaf.variable
+				is CompoundAssignmentTree -> leaf.variable
+				is UnaryTree -> if (leaf.kind in INCREMENT_KINDS) leaf.expression else null
+				else -> null
+			} as? IdentifierTree ?: return
+
+		val element = runCatching { trees.getElement(TreePath(path, target)) }.getOrNull() ?: return
+		if (element.kind !in LOCAL_KINDS) return
+		val declaration = declarationSpanOf(element, root, trees, positions) ?: return
+		if (span.contains(declaration)) return
+		if (!anchor.span.contains(declaration)) return
+		found = element.simpleName.toString()
+	}
+
+	val scanner =
+		object : TreePathScanner<Unit, Unit>() {
+			override fun scan(
+				tree: Tree?,
+				p: Unit?,
+			): Unit? {
+				if (tree == null) return null
+				consider(TreePath(currentPath, tree))
+				return super.scan(tree, p)
+			}
+		}
+
+	regionPaths.forEach { path ->
+		consider(path)
+		scanner.scan(path, null)
+	}
+	return found
+}
+
+/**
+ * The variables that become parameters: referenced, declared inside the anchor member, declared outside
+ * the region. In first textual appearance order, so the signature reads in the order the body uses it.
+ *
+ * A field needs nothing -- the new method is a member of the same class -- and a declaration in another
+ * file cannot be a local at all.
+ */
+internal fun capturedVariablesIn(
+	references: List<Reference>,
+	span: TextSpan,
+	anchor: AnchorMember,
+	root: CompilationUnitTree,
+	trees: Trees,
+	positions: SourcePositions,
+): List<VariableElement> {
+	val captured = LinkedHashMap<VariableElement, Unit>()
+	for (reference in references) {
+		val element = reference.element as? VariableElement ?: continue
+		if (element.kind !in LOCAL_KINDS) continue
+		val declaration = declarationSpanOf(element, root, trees, positions) ?: continue
+		if (span.contains(declaration)) continue
+		if (!anchor.span.contains(declaration)) continue
+		captured[element] = Unit
+	}
+	return captured.keys.toList()
+}
+
+internal fun declarationSpanOf(
+	element: Element,
+	root: CompilationUnitTree,
+	trees: Trees,
+	positions: SourcePositions,
+): TextSpan? {
+	val path = runCatching { trees.getPath(element) }.getOrNull() ?: return null
+	if (path.compilationUnit !== root) return null
+	return spanOf(root, positions, path.leaf)
+}
+
+/** Whether [other] lies entirely inside this span. */
+internal fun TextSpan.contains(other: TextSpan): Boolean = start <= other.start && other.end <= end
diff --git a/lsp/java/src/main/java/com/itsaky/androidide/lsp/java/refactor/RegionTypes.kt b/lsp/java/src/main/java/com/itsaky/androidide/lsp/java/refactor/RegionTypes.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7441ec18d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lsp/java/src/main/java/com/itsaky/androidide/lsp/java/refactor/RegionTypes.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+package com.itsaky.androidide.lsp.java.refactor
+
+import com.itsaky.androidide.lsp.refactor.TextSpan
+import jdkx.lang.model.element.Element
+import jdkx.lang.model.element.NestingKind
+import jdkx.lang.model.element.TypeElement
+import jdkx.lang.model.element.TypeParameterElement
+import jdkx.lang.model.type.ArrayType
+import jdkx.lang.model.type.DeclaredType
+import jdkx.lang.model.type.TypeMirror
+import jdkx.lang.model.type.TypeVariable
+import jdkx.lang.model.type.UnionType
+import jdkx.lang.model.type.WildcardType
+import openjdk.source.tree.CompilationUnitTree
+import openjdk.source.util.SourcePositions
+import openjdk.source.util.Trees
+
+/** Whether [element] is a type parameter declared on the anchor method itself (R10). */
+internal fun isAnchorTypeParameter(
+	element: Element,
+	anchorMethodElement: Element?,
+): Boolean =
+	element is TypeParameterElement &&
+		anchorMethodElement != null &&
+		runCatching { element.genericElement == anchorMethodElement }.getOrDefault(false)
+
+/**
+ * Whether [element] is a local or anonymous class the region uses but does not contain. Its name is
+ * reachable only from inside the anchor member, so it stops resolving once the body moves.
+ */
+internal fun isCapturedLocalType(
+	element: Element,
+	span: TextSpan,
+	root: CompilationUnitTree,
+	trees: Trees,
+	positions: SourcePositions,
+): Boolean {
+	// A reference to the class *itself* is only one of the shapes: `new Helper()` resolves to Helper's
+	// constructor and `Helper.CONST` to a field, so a member's own declaring class is asked about too.
+	val type =
+		element as? TypeElement
+			?: element.enclosingElement as? TypeElement
+			?: return false
+	if (type.nestingKind != NestingKind.LOCAL && type.nestingKind != NestingKind.ANONYMOUS) return false
+	val declaration = declarationSpanOf(type, root, trees, positions) ?: return false
+	return !span.contains(declaration)
+}
+
+/** The local class a reference names, whether directly or through one of its members. */
+internal fun localTypeNameOf(element: Element): String {
+	val type = element as? TypeElement ?: element.enclosingElement as? TypeElement ?: return element.simpleName.toString()
+	return type.simpleName.toString().ifEmpty { element.simpleName.toString() }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The name of a local or anonymous class appearing anywhere in [type], or null when there is none.
+ *
+ * A depth limit rather than a visited set: `Enum<E extends Enum<E>>` is a real shape, and comparing
+ * `TypeMirror`s for identity is not reliable enough to terminate on.
+ */
+internal fun localTypeNameIn(
+	type: TypeMirror,
+	depth: Int = 0,
+): String? {
+	if (depth > MAX_TYPE_DEPTH) return null
+	return when (type) {
+		is DeclaredType -> {
+			val element = runCatching { type.asElement() }.getOrNull() as? TypeElement
+			if (element != null &&
+				(element.nestingKind == NestingKind.LOCAL || element.nestingKind == NestingKind.ANONYMOUS)
+			) {
+				element.simpleName.toString().ifEmpty { "anonymous class" }
+			} else {
+				type.typeArguments.firstNotNullOfOrNull { localTypeNameIn(it, depth + 1) }
+			}
+		}
+
+		is ArrayType -> {
+			localTypeNameIn(type.componentType, depth + 1)
+		}
+
+		is WildcardType -> {
+			type.extendsBound?.let { localTypeNameIn(it, depth + 1) }
+				?: type.superBound?.let { localTypeNameIn(it, depth + 1) }
+		}
+
+		is UnionType -> {
+			type.alternatives.firstNotNullOfOrNull { localTypeNameIn(it, depth + 1) }
+		}
+
+		else -> {
+			null
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/** The name of a type variable declared on the anchor method appearing anywhere in [type] (R10). */
+internal fun anchorTypeVariableIn(
+	type: TypeMirror,
+	anchorMethodElement: Element?,
+	depth: Int = 0,
+): String? {
+	if (anchorMethodElement == null || depth > MAX_TYPE_DEPTH) return null
+	return when (type) {
+		is TypeVariable -> {
+			val element = runCatching { type.asElement() }.getOrNull()
+			if (isAnchorTypeParameter(element ?: return null, anchorMethodElement)) {
+				element.simpleName.toString()
+			} else {
+				null
+			}
+		}
+
+		is DeclaredType -> {
+			type.typeArguments.firstNotNullOfOrNull { anchorTypeVariableIn(it, anchorMethodElement, depth + 1) }
+		}
+
+		is ArrayType -> {
+			anchorTypeVariableIn(type.componentType, anchorMethodElement, depth + 1)
+		}
+
+		is WildcardType -> {
+			type.extendsBound?.let { anchorTypeVariableIn(it, anchorMethodElement, depth + 1) }
+				?: type.superBound?.let { anchorTypeVariableIn(it, anchorMethodElement, depth + 1) }
+		}
+
+		is UnionType -> {
+			type.alternatives.firstNotNullOfOrNull { anchorTypeVariableIn(it, anchorMethodElement, depth + 1) }
+		}
+
+		else -> {
+			null
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+private const val MAX_TYPE_DEPTH = 8
+
+/**
+ * Renders a type as source, shortened only where the file already resolves the short form.
+ *
+ * The import sets are read once per plan rather than per type: every candidate in one plan renders
+ * against the same file.
+ */
+internal class TypeNames(
+	root: CompilationUnitTree,
+) {
+	private val imported = importedNamesOf(root)
+	private val starred = starImportedPackagesOf(root)
+
+	fun render(type: TypeMirror): String? {
+		val text = runCatching { type.toString() }.getOrNull() ?: return null
+		if (isUnrenderableTypeText(text)) return null
+		if (isValuelessKind(type.kind)) return null
+		return shortenTypeText(text, imported, starred)
+	}
+}