diff --git a/build_mp.py b/build_mp.py
index b557e4a7..ab79e821 100755
--- a/build_mp.py
+++ b/build_mp.py
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Build PyDevices MicroPython firmware with one command.
 
     ./build_mp.py --port esp32 --board ESP32_GENERIC_P4 --variant C6_WIFI \\
diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index a043e86d..819bf3ac 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Sphinx configuration for the micropython-pydevices documentation.
 
 Everything shared by the PyDevices documentation projects (theme, top bar,
diff --git a/modules/all/manifest.py b/modules/all/manifest.py
index 737fc0fd..3cb2ecb3 100644
--- a/modules/all/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/all/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # Every module beside this one, except those that say they are opt-in: a
 # module with an OPT_IN file (its text says why) is built only when named.
 # Otherwise all means all, and a module leaves "all" only by leaving modules/.
diff --git a/modules/audiocomponents/manifest.py b/modules/audiocomponents/manifest.py
index 122d0c28..def9c054 100644
--- a/modules/audiocomponents/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/audiocomponents/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # audiocomponents is the old name for audioinstruments plus audioeffects,
 # kept so `--modules audiocomponents` still builds both.
 include("../audioinstruments")
diff --git a/modules/audioeffects/manifest.py b/modules/audioeffects/manifest.py
index 0a6550b9..3f830b7a 100644
--- a/modules/audioeffects/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/audioeffects/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # audioeffects, from omnipython-lib: the effect classes, which the library
 # builds from the PyDevices/audioeffects repository at the tag its
 # lib-lock.json pins. They import ulab and audiodsp, so name those too (or
diff --git a/modules/audioif/manifest.py b/modules/audioif/manifest.py
index 8a7b77a3..6b0ac11c 100644
--- a/modules/audioif/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/audioif/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # Freeze manifest for this repo. Nothing Python to freeze here; the line below
 # names the C module so a build that includes this manifest compiles it
 # (MicroPython 1.29 c_module()).
diff --git a/modules/audioif/tests/busio_probe.py b/modules/audioif/tests/busio_probe.py
index 981d1a98..0e141b08 100644
--- a/modules/audioif/tests/busio_probe.py
+++ b/modules/audioif/tests/busio_probe.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """`audiobusio.I2SOut` against what CircuitPython documents it to do.
 
 Everything here is a CircuitPython behaviour taken off
diff --git a/modules/audioif/tests/cp_example_probe.py b/modules/audioif/tests/cp_example_probe.py
index a7c6ae86..fb260921 100644
--- a/modules/audioif/tests/cp_example_probe.py
+++ b/modules/audioif/tests/cp_example_probe.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """The CircuitPython `audiobusio` docstring example, run unmodified.
 
 This is the program in CircuitPython 10.3.0's own
diff --git a/modules/audioif/tests/i2sin_probe.py b/modules/audioif/tests/i2sin_probe.py
index 0ec53c31..f4153005 100644
--- a/modules/audioif/tests/i2sin_probe.py
+++ b/modules/audioif/tests/i2sin_probe.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """`audioi2sin.I2SIn` against what CircuitPython documents it to do.
 
 Every leg is a behaviour taken off CircuitPython's
diff --git a/modules/audioif/tests/p4_starved_probe.py b/modules/audioif/tests/p4_starved_probe.py
index 6d8be7c1..0947c074 100644
--- a/modules/audioif/tests/p4_starved_probe.py
+++ b/modules/audioif/tests/p4_starved_probe.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """`I2SOut.starved()` on a board: 0 while nothing starves, and it moves when
 the pump really falls behind.
 
diff --git a/modules/audioif/tests/s3_drift.py b/modules/audioif/tests/s3_drift.py
index 52ac3f31..4305bf85 100644
--- a/modules/audioif/tests/s3_drift.py
+++ b/modules/audioif/tests/s3_drift.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """audioif#5: do the T-Embed's two I2S ports drift, over an hour?
 
 Forty seconds said no -- `rx - tx` stayed at 0 bytes at a 4 x 128 ring. Two
diff --git a/modules/audioif/tests/s3_stall_witness.py b/modules/audioif/tests/s3_stall_witness.py
index 1d4a9a86..a5a51f96 100644
--- a/modules/audioif/tests/s3_stall_witness.py
+++ b/modules/audioif/tests/s3_stall_witness.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Does a flash erase stall the I2S DMA itself, or only the pump?
 
     mpftp put -d COM12 tests/s3_stall_witness.py /lib/s3_stall_witness.py
diff --git a/modules/audioif/tests/sink_probe.py b/modules/audioif/tests/sink_probe.py
index ac814ea4..e0fa9682 100644
--- a/modules/audioif/tests/sink_probe.py
+++ b/modules/audioif/tests/sink_probe.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """The driver's file sink hands over exactly what the engine pulled.
 
     <interpreter> tests/sink_probe.py [scratch-dir] [--fault WHICH]
diff --git a/modules/audioif/tests/tone_check.py b/modules/audioif/tests/tone_check.py
index b565b1f0..33cddf90 100644
--- a/modules/audioif/tests/tone_check.py
+++ b/modules/audioif/tests/tone_check.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Is there a tone at `hz` in this recording? Asked through `audiometer`.
 
     from tone_check import tone_check
diff --git a/modules/audioif/tests/wasapi_ring_probe.py b/modules/audioif/tests/wasapi_ring_probe.py
index d20e63b0..40e81a12 100644
--- a/modules/audioif/tests/wasapi_ring_probe.py
+++ b/modules/audioif/tests/wasapi_ring_probe.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """A WASAPI microphone feeding an audiopump.Ring on its own thread holds pace.
 
     micropython.exe tests/wasapi_ring_probe.py [secs=30] [in=ID] [out=ID]
diff --git a/modules/audioinstruments/manifest.py b/modules/audioinstruments/manifest.py
index 1a13af2c..1a10e14f 100644
--- a/modules/audioinstruments/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/audioinstruments/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # audioinstruments, from omnipython-lib: the rack and its instruments, which
 # the library builds from the PyDevices/audioinstruments repository at the tag
 # its lib-lock.json pins. They import ulab and audiodsp, so name those too (or
diff --git a/modules/cameraif/manifest.py b/modules/cameraif/manifest.py
index 4632af8b..1f1c161d 100644
--- a/modules/cameraif/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/cameraif/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # MicroPython manifest for cameraif: deliberately empty.
 #
 # cameraif is a native module with no Python half. Its whole surface is the
diff --git a/modules/cameraif/tests/hardware/espcamera_controls.py b/modules/cameraif/tests/hardware/espcamera_controls.py
index f12cef15..a569f770 100644
--- a/modules/cameraif/tests/hardware/espcamera_controls.py
+++ b/modules/cameraif/tests/hardware/espcamera_controls.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Every espcamera control name on a real camera, checked against its driver.
 
 Reads each of espcamera's control names, and for the ones the sensor offers,
diff --git a/modules/cameraif/tests/hardware/judge_espcamera_controls.py b/modules/cameraif/tests/hardware/judge_espcamera_controls.py
index fa08d17d..e7d3fd77 100644
--- a/modules/cameraif/tests/hardware/judge_espcamera_controls.py
+++ b/modules/cameraif/tests/hardware/judge_espcamera_controls.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Judge espcamera_controls.py's output against the OV5647 driver's own source.
 
 The expectation comes from esp_cam_sensor's ov5647.c (which parameter ids its
diff --git a/modules/castif/manifest.py b/modules/castif/manifest.py
index 49599da8..f5106ae9 100644
--- a/modules/castif/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/castif/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # castif: C only, ESP32-P4 only. The cast's RTP, pacing and audio; the
 # encoding is h264enc's and the MPEG-TS tsmux's (name all three modules).
 c_module(".")
diff --git a/modules/castif/tests/check_castif_hls.py b/modules/castif/tests/check_castif_hls.py
index 917dc6cd..bcaff6ad 100644
--- a/modules/castif/tests/check_castif_hls.py
+++ b/modules/castif/tests/check_castif_hls.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """ffprobe decodes what test_castif_hls served: each kept segment alone and
 the playlist, and /stats parses as JSON. A planted fault (a segment cut in
 half) must fail.
diff --git a/modules/displayif/manifest.py b/modules/displayif/manifest.py
index 8a7b77a3..6b0ac11c 100644
--- a/modules/displayif/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/displayif/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # Freeze manifest for this repo. Nothing Python to freeze here; the line below
 # names the C module so a build that includes this manifest compiles it
 # (MicroPython 1.29 c_module()).
diff --git a/modules/displayif/src/ports/rp2/picodvi/libdvi/tmds_table_gen.py b/modules/displayif/src/ports/rp2/picodvi/libdvi/tmds_table_gen.py
index 0ad554ea..aa75af8c 100755
--- a/modules/displayif/src/ports/rp2/picodvi/libdvi/tmds_table_gen.py
+++ b/modules/displayif/src/ports/rp2/picodvi/libdvi/tmds_table_gen.py
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
 # The key fact is that, if x is even, and the encoder currently has a running
 # imbalance of 0, encoding x followed by x + 1 produces a symbol pair with a
diff --git a/modules/displayif/tests/test_lifecycle_api.py b/modules/displayif/tests/test_lifecycle_api.py
index a07c3e84..3804cfd3 100644
--- a/modules/displayif/tests/test_lifecycle_api.py
+++ b/modules/displayif/tests/test_lifecycle_api.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Verify displayif modules expose idempotent lifecycle methods on their types.
 
 This test runs without display hardware: it imports modules that exist on the
diff --git a/modules/displayif/tools/check_qstr_reachability.py b/modules/displayif/tools/check_qstr_reachability.py
index 4d370b3f..9e4a086d 100644
--- a/modules/displayif/tools/check_qstr_reachability.py
+++ b/modules/displayif/tools/check_qstr_reachability.py
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Refuse an MP_QSTR_ name that only exists when a usermod's INTERFACE define is set.
 
 The rule this enforces, and why, is docs/qstrs-and-usermod-defines.md. In one
@@ -20,7 +24,7 @@
 
 A name is not reported when it *also* appears unguarded **in the same file** --
 the QSTR pass collects it from there and the guarded reference rides along -- or
-when it is in :data:`CORE_POOL` below.
+when it is in `CORE_POOL` below.
 
 Same file, not same repo, and the difference is the whole check. Every name in
 ``src/ports/samd/mod_i80bus.c`` is also referenced by the esp32 backend and by
diff --git a/modules/displayif/tools/test_dotclockframebuffer_smoke.py b/modules/displayif/tools/test_dotclockframebuffer_smoke.py
index 14953b6c..9c0c1299 100644
--- a/modules/displayif/tools/test_dotclockframebuffer_smoke.py
+++ b/modules/displayif/tools/test_dotclockframebuffer_smoke.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Smoke test for dotclockframebuffer.DotClockFramebuffer import and buffer protocol (esp32)."""
 
 import sys
diff --git a/modules/displayif/tools/test_i2cbus_smoke.py b/modules/displayif/tools/test_i2cbus_smoke.py
index 19c9ca02..dbb8dac7 100644
--- a/modules/displayif/tools/test_i2cbus_smoke.py
+++ b/modules/displayif/tools/test_i2cbus_smoke.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Smoke test for i2cbus import (MCU ports with machine.I2C)."""
 
 import sys
diff --git a/modules/displayif/tools/test_i80bus_smoke.py b/modules/displayif/tools/test_i80bus_smoke.py
index 78ea85ec..57ac0d91 100644
--- a/modules/displayif/tools/test_i80bus_smoke.py
+++ b/modules/displayif/tools/test_i80bus_smoke.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Smoke test for i80bus import."""
 
 import sys
diff --git a/modules/displayif/tools/test_mimxrt_dotclockframebuffer_smoke.py b/modules/displayif/tools/test_mimxrt_dotclockframebuffer_smoke.py
index 25bb97df..a8b5c93e 100644
--- a/modules/displayif/tools/test_mimxrt_dotclockframebuffer_smoke.py
+++ b/modules/displayif/tools/test_mimxrt_dotclockframebuffer_smoke.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Smoke test for dotclockframebuffer.DotClockFramebuffer (mimxrt eLCDIF).
 
 Small 4x4 buffer on MIMXRT1062 (Teensy 4.x / MIMXRT1060-EVK). Full RK043 panel
diff --git a/modules/displayif/tools/test_mimxrt_mipidsi_smoke.py b/modules/displayif/tools/test_mimxrt_mipidsi_smoke.py
index 3f96d392..aab06bcf 100644
--- a/modules/displayif/tools/test_mimxrt_mipidsi_smoke.py
+++ b/modules/displayif/tools/test_mimxrt_mipidsi_smoke.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Smoke test for mipidsi import (MIMXRT1176 with MIPI DSI only).
 
 Full panel bring-up requires MIMXRT1170-EVK + Waveshare 5\" DSI on J84.
diff --git a/modules/displayif/tools/test_mipidsi_smoke.py b/modules/displayif/tools/test_mipidsi_smoke.py
index 45308d35..f595c0b8 100644
--- a/modules/displayif/tools/test_mipidsi_smoke.py
+++ b/modules/displayif/tools/test_mipidsi_smoke.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Smoke test for mipidsi import (ESP32-P4 with MIPI DSI only).
 
 Full panel bring-up requires the Waveshare ESP32-P4-WIFI6-Touch-LCD-4B hardware.
diff --git a/modules/displayif/tools/test_picodvi_smoke.py b/modules/displayif/tools/test_picodvi_smoke.py
index a71fc2ad..43558780 100644
--- a/modules/displayif/tools/test_picodvi_smoke.py
+++ b/modules/displayif/tools/test_picodvi_smoke.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Smoke test for picodvi import and Framebuffer (rp2 PIO / HSTX).
 
 Uses the smallest supported mode (320x240 @ 4bpp on RP2040). Full DVI output
diff --git a/modules/displayif/tools/test_rgbmatrix_smoke.py b/modules/displayif/tools/test_rgbmatrix_smoke.py
index 22b62de1..36f08bcf 100644
--- a/modules/displayif/tools/test_rgbmatrix_smoke.py
+++ b/modules/displayif/tools/test_rgbmatrix_smoke.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Smoke test for rgbmatrix import, tile height, and buffer protocol."""
 
 import sys
diff --git a/modules/displayif/tools/test_spi_smoke.py b/modules/displayif/tools/test_spi_smoke.py
index d0ceb76d..1ad50626 100644
--- a/modules/displayif/tools/test_spi_smoke.py
+++ b/modules/displayif/tools/test_spi_smoke.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Smoke test for native spibus (displayif src/ports/common/spi)."""
 
 import sys
diff --git a/modules/h264enc/manifest.py b/modules/h264enc/manifest.py
index 48be34e4..a0afe799 100644
--- a/modules/h264enc/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/h264enc/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # h264enc: RGB565 frames to H.264 on the ESP32-P4's hardware encoder (the PPA
 # converts, esp_h264 encodes). C only, ESP32-P4 only; castif encodes through
 # its C API. Moved out of castif (media modules roadmap, Phase 3).
diff --git a/modules/h264enc/tests/check_h264_ffmpeg.py b/modules/h264enc/tests/check_h264_ffmpeg.py
index 8f6152cb..f898ff48 100644
--- a/modules/h264enc/tests/check_h264_ffmpeg.py
+++ b/modules/h264enc/tests/check_h264_ffmpeg.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """ffmpeg on the PC decodes what test_h264enc.py encoded on the board.
 
 Thresholds fixed before the first run (2026-10-06): ffmpeg decodes exactly N
diff --git a/modules/h264enc/tests/encode_h264_ffmpeg.py b/modules/h264enc/tests/encode_h264_ffmpeg.py
index 8b4050d0..3b7abfec 100644
--- a/modules/h264enc/tests/encode_h264_ffmpeg.py
+++ b/modules/h264enc/tests/encode_h264_ffmpeg.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """The board half's stand-in on a PC: ffmpeg's x264 encodes h264_frames.py's
 frames with the settings hardware/test_h264enc.py gives h264enc (720x720,
 30 fps, 3 Mbit/s, a keyframe every 30), so CI can run check_h264_ffmpeg.py
diff --git a/modules/h264enc/tests/h264_frames.py b/modules/h264enc/tests/h264_frames.py
index 5479d7ec..2fbdd320 100644
--- a/modules/h264enc/tests/h264_frames.py
+++ b/modules/h264enc/tests/h264_frames.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # The test's source frames, computed the same way on a board (MicroPython)
 # and on the PC (CPython, check_h264_ffmpeg.py): a fixed RGB565 gradient with
 # a 96x96 box crossing it, 8 px a frame, in native byte order.
diff --git a/modules/h264enc/tests/hardware/test_h264enc.py b/modules/h264enc/tests/hardware/test_h264enc.py
index a21fd2c8..d11af3bb 100644
--- a/modules/h264enc/tests/hardware/test_h264enc.py
+++ b/modules/h264enc/tests/hardware/test_h264enc.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """h264enc on the ESP32-P4 -- the media Phase 3 encode gate, board half.
 
 Encodes N frames from h264_frames.py (no camera, no cast) at 720x720, 30 fps,
diff --git a/modules/jpegio/manifest.py b/modules/jpegio/manifest.py
index 4036f4ac..bd0ceb5c 100644
--- a/modules/jpegio/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/jpegio/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # jpegio: JPEG decoding into RGB565 (CircuitPython's jpegio API, on ChaN's
 # TJpgDec), and LVGL's JPEG decoder when LVGL (omnipython-lvgl) is in the build.
 # C only; every port. Moved here from displayif (media modules roadmap,
diff --git a/modules/jpegio/tests/check_encode_pil.py b/modules/jpegio/tests/check_encode_pil.py
index e45a133e..34330306 100644
--- a/modules/jpegio/tests/check_encode_pil.py
+++ b/modules/jpegio/tests/check_encode_pil.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Pillow, a decoder that is not ours, must read back what we encoded.
 
 Every JPEG test_jpegio_encode.py wrote must open in Pillow at its size and
diff --git a/modules/jpegio/tests/hardware/board_lvgl_glass.py b/modules/jpegio/tests/hardware/board_lvgl_glass.py
index 45842993..7593cdb6 100644
--- a/modules/jpegio/tests/hardware/board_lvgl_glass.py
+++ b/modules/jpegio/tests/hardware/board_lvgl_glass.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # On a board with a display, LVGL and jpegio: draw a corpus JPEG with
 # lv.image and compare what lands in the panel's framebuffer, pixel for pixel,
 # with jpegio decoding the same file into a buffer. The framebuffer is what
diff --git a/modules/jpegio/tests/jpegwalk.py b/modules/jpegio/tests/jpegwalk.py
index 811b6a3d..bd777707 100644
--- a/modules/jpegio/tests/jpegwalk.py
+++ b/modules/jpegio/tests/jpegwalk.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """jpegwalk -- a tiny JPEG marker walker.
 
 Plain Python with no third-party imports, written so it also runs under
diff --git a/modules/jpegio/tests/make_corpus.py b/modules/jpegio/tests/make_corpus.py
index 4bc824f8..e05fc4b3 100644
--- a/modules/jpegio/tests/make_corpus.py
+++ b/modules/jpegio/tests/make_corpus.py
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Build the jpegio test corpus in frames/ and write frames/README.md.
 
 Run:  python3 modules/jpegio/tests/make_corpus.py        (needs Pillow; 12.3 used)
diff --git a/modules/jpegio/tests/reference.py b/modules/jpegio/tests/reference.py
index c08431cb..e7bcdbb8 100644
--- a/modules/jpegio/tests/reference.py
+++ b/modules/jpegio/tests/reference.py
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Pillow fidelity reference for the jpegio corpus -> frames/reference.json.
 
 Run:  python3 modules/jpegio/tests/reference.py        (needs Pillow; 12.3 used)
diff --git a/modules/jpegio/tests/test_jpegio.py b/modules/jpegio/tests/test_jpegio.py
index 99d3a22d..d1d6c5a3 100644
--- a/modules/jpegio/tests/test_jpegio.py
+++ b/modules/jpegio/tests/test_jpegio.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """jpegio -- unix MicroPython tests against the corpus and the Pillow reference.
 
 The Phase 1 gate of the org's docs/jpegio-vision.md, checked mechanically:
diff --git a/modules/jpegio/tests/test_jpegio_encode.py b/modules/jpegio/tests/test_jpegio_encode.py
index 3f82892f..6e6c3c65 100644
--- a/modules/jpegio/tests/test_jpegio_encode.py
+++ b/modules/jpegio/tests/test_jpegio_encode.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """jpegio.JpegEncoder (and the P4's hardware decode) -- the media Phase 2 gate.
 
 Thresholds were fixed before the first run, on the corpus's real camera frame
diff --git a/modules/jpegio/tests/test_jpegio_lvgl.py b/modules/jpegio/tests/test_jpegio_lvgl.py
index 7b525955..a3199097 100644
--- a/modules/jpegio/tests/test_jpegio_lvgl.py
+++ b/modules/jpegio/tests/test_jpegio_lvgl.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """jpegio -- its LVGL image decoder, on unix MicroPython built beside lvgl (omnipython-lvgl).
 
 The LVGL half of the Phase 2 gate in the org's docs/jpegio-vision.md, checked
diff --git a/modules/jpegio/tools/make_jpegenc.py b/modules/jpegio/tools/make_jpegenc.py
index 19ada61d..8436969f 100644
--- a/modules/jpegio/tools/make_jpegenc.py
+++ b/modules/jpegio/tools/make_jpegenc.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 import sys
 S = sys.argv[1]
 src = open(S + "/stb_image_write.h").read()
diff --git a/modules/library.py b/modules/library.py
index 83b76f3d..279afb3d 100644
--- a/modules/library.py
+++ b/modules/library.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # Registers omnipython-lib, our library of Python-only packages, so a manifest
 # can require("pydevices", library="omnipython-lib"). build_mp.py assembles the
 # library tree (tools/libbuild.py build --tree-only in the pinned repository)
diff --git a/modules/manifest.py b/modules/manifest.py
index 543240ae..351c1d5e 100644
--- a/modules/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # The manifest a build_mp.py build freezes: upstream's own content for the
 # port, then the modules you named. This is the user manifest MicroPython's
 # manifest reference describes -- the port's base, then your additions -- and
diff --git a/modules/mdns/manifest.py b/modules/mdns/manifest.py
index a3f4d851..0744fdba 100644
--- a/modules/mdns/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/mdns/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # mdns: CircuitPython's mdns API (find and advertise services on the local
 # network). C only; esp32, rp2 with a network, unix and windows. On CPython,
 # pydevices-desktop's mdns.py gives the same API over python-zeroconf.
diff --git a/modules/mdns/tests/check_mdns_zeroconf.py b/modules/mdns/tests/check_mdns_zeroconf.py
index 87ca56e1..60327bf6 100644
--- a/modules/mdns/tests/check_mdns_zeroconf.py
+++ b/modules/mdns/tests/check_mdns_zeroconf.py
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """mdns against another implementation: python-zeroconf, in another process.
 
     python3 check_mdns_zeroconf.py ./builds/unix/standard/micropython
diff --git a/modules/mdns/tests/test_mdns.py b/modules/mdns/tests/test_mdns.py
index 7a361969..88075918 100644
--- a/modules/mdns/tests/test_mdns.py
+++ b/modules/mdns/tests/test_mdns.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # mdns on a desktop MicroPython (unix or windows): the API, its errors, and a
 # service this process advertises, found by this process.
 #
diff --git a/modules/micropython-lib/manifest.py b/modules/micropython-lib/manifest.py
index 1088607c..128d17ac 100644
--- a/modules/micropython-lib/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/micropython-lib/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # The packages from micropython-lib that PyDevices' APIs lean on, frozen in so
 # an OmniPython firmware never asks anyone to mip.install them first (on stock
 # MicroPython you install them from micropython-lib's index, then ours):
diff --git a/modules/palettes/manifest.py b/modules/palettes/manifest.py
index db84c5fe..1294a28f 100644
--- a/modules/palettes/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/palettes/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # palettes, from omnipython-lib. Frozen at opt=3, as before.
 include("../library.py")
 require("palettes", library="omnipython-lib", opt=3)
diff --git a/modules/pdwidgets/manifest.py b/modules/pdwidgets/manifest.py
index 39c73e28..45e7d3de 100644
--- a/modules/pdwidgets/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/pdwidgets/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # pdwidgets, from omnipython-lib. Frozen at opt=3, as before.
 include("../library.py")
 require("pdwidgets", library="omnipython-lib", opt=3)
diff --git a/modules/picotts/manifest.py b/modules/picotts/manifest.py
index 5e0a8516..ab219aa5 100644
--- a/modules/picotts/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/picotts/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # picotts: text to speech on the SVOX Pico engine, the API of Adafruit's
 # adafruit_picotts. The engine is C (_picotts); the TTS class is frozen Python.
 # Needs PSRAM on a microcontroller: about 2.5 MB for the engine and voice.
diff --git a/modules/picotts/py/picotts.py b/modules/picotts/py/picotts.py
index 977664f2..9b26a88c 100644
--- a/modules/picotts/py/picotts.py
+++ b/modules/picotts/py/picotts.py
@@ -156,10 +156,11 @@ def render(self, buffer):
 class TTS:
     """Speak text through an audio output.
 
-    :param audio: An audio output object with ``play()``, ``stop()`` and ``playing``, such as
-        `audiobusio.I2SOut`, `audioio.AudioOut` or `audiopwmio.PWMAudioOut`. The library
-        creates its own `audiomixer.Mixer` on it. Or an `audiomixer.MixerVoice` from the
-        caller's mixer, whose sample rate must match `sample_rate`.
+    Args:
+        audio: An audio output object with ``play()``, ``stop()`` and ``playing``, such as
+            `audiobusio.I2SOut`, `audioio.AudioOut` or `audiopwmio.PWMAudioOut`. The library
+            creates its own `audiomixer.Mixer` on it. Or an `audiomixer.MixerVoice` from the
+            caller's mixer, whose sample rate must match `sample_rate`.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, audio, *, voice_dir=None) -> None:
@@ -273,10 +274,11 @@ def voices(self) -> tuple:
     def say(self, text: str, *, wait: bool = True, interrupt: bool = False) -> None:
         """Speak ``text``. If speech is already playing, ``text`` is queued after it.
 
-        :param str text: The text to speak.
-        :param bool wait: If True, return when all queued speech ends. If False, return
-            right away; call `update` in the main loop to keep speech going.
-        :param bool interrupt: If True, stop current speech and clear the queue first.
+        Args:
+            text (str): The text to speak.
+            wait (bool): If True, return when all queued speech ends. If False, return
+                right away; call `update` in the main loop to keep speech going.
+            interrupt (bool): If True, stop current speech and clear the queue first.
         """
         if interrupt:
             self.stop()
diff --git a/modules/picotts/tests/test_picotts.py b/modules/picotts/tests/test_picotts.py
index 70af1d9b..c41c3325 100644
--- a/modules/picotts/tests/test_picotts.py
+++ b/modules/picotts/tests/test_picotts.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """picotts on the unix port: the engine renders speech, and the API around it.
 
 Run with the unix MicroPython built with --modules picotts, and the folder
diff --git a/modules/pngio/manifest.py b/modules/pngio/manifest.py
index 49aa0f9a..a0d802bf 100644
--- a/modules/pngio/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/pngio/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # pngio: PNG encoding (real deflate) and decoding, RGB565 in and out. C only;
 # every port with the deflate module (decode uses its uzlib). On CPython,
 # pydevices-desktop's pngio.py gives the same API over Pillow.
diff --git a/modules/pngio/tests/check_pngio_pillow.py b/modules/pngio/tests/check_pngio_pillow.py
index 9bf1a622..2962a122 100644
--- a/modules/pngio/tests/check_pngio_pillow.py
+++ b/modules/pngio/tests/check_pngio_pillow.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """pngio against Pillow, on the PC, both ways.
 
     python check_pngio_pillow.py MICROPYTHON DIR
diff --git a/modules/pngio/tests/test_pngio.py b/modules/pngio/tests/test_pngio.py
index d8ca4679..be6542b7 100644
--- a/modules/pngio/tests/test_pngio.py
+++ b/modules/pngio/tests/test_pngio.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """pngio on MicroPython: round trips, sizes and times. Runs on unix and on boards.
 
     micropython test_pngio.py [--out DIR]
diff --git a/modules/ppa/manifest.py b/modules/ppa/manifest.py
index ad8f51aa..aa4aa391 100644
--- a/modules/ppa/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/ppa/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # ppa: scale, rotate, mirror, colour-convert, fill and blend on pixel buffers;
 # the ESP32-P4's Pixel Processing Accelerator, with portable C for scale,
 # rotate, mirror and colour convert everywhere (media modules roadmap, Phase 5).
diff --git a/modules/ppa/tests/test_ppa.py b/modules/ppa/tests/test_ppa.py
index e1c0e334..9b2cf163 100644
--- a/modules/ppa/tests/test_ppa.py
+++ b/modules/ppa/tests/test_ppa.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """ppa -- the media Phase 5 gate. Thresholds fixed before the first run.
 
 On every port (the software path):
diff --git a/modules/pydevices/manifest.py b/modules/pydevices/manifest.py
index 5f527318..deab2404 100644
--- a/modules/pydevices/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/pydevices/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # PyDevices' own Python, from omnipython-lib: what lib/ holds, which is
 # `pydevices` and `bledev` as the library splits them, plus the host-only
 # parts of audiodev, bledev, displaydev and multimer that mip ships in
diff --git a/modules/sayso/manifest.py b/modules/sayso/manifest.py
index f9a2c7b4..65f7ca7a 100644
--- a/modules/sayso/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/sayso/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # sayso, from omnipython-lib: the Spotify controller. Desktop and web builds
 # only (unix, windows, webassembly): a board build that names it, or all,
 # freezes nothing. Frozen at opt=3.
diff --git a/modules/tflite/manifest.py b/modules/tflite/manifest.py
index e3ce95a0..61cd0c32 100644
--- a/modules/tflite/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/tflite/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # tflite: TensorFlow Lite Micro inference, esp-vision's module compiled as it
 # is (modules/.esp-vision). C only; ESP32-P4 and ESP32-S3.
 #
diff --git a/modules/tsmux/manifest.py b/modules/tsmux/manifest.py
index b3782f60..943645f6 100644
--- a/modules/tsmux/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/tsmux/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # tsmux: MPEG-TS from H.264 access units (and castif's LPCM track), and HLS
 # segments with their playlist. C only, every port; castif muxes through its
 # C core. Moved out of castif (media modules roadmap, Phase 4).
diff --git a/modules/tsmux/tests/check_tsmux_ffmpeg.py b/modules/tsmux/tests/check_tsmux_ffmpeg.py
index ad8e3ed4..7d6e7a2a 100644
--- a/modules/tsmux/tests/check_tsmux_ffmpeg.py
+++ b/modules/tsmux/tests/check_tsmux_ffmpeg.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """ffmpeg decodes what test_tsmux.py muxed: the stream, each segment alone,
 and the playlist. A planted fault (the stream with every sync byte zeroed)
 must fail.
diff --git a/modules/tsmux/tests/extract_castif_ref.py b/modules/tsmux/tests/extract_castif_ref.py
index 7872213a..9615b28a 100644
--- a/modules/tsmux/tests/extract_castif_ref.py
+++ b/modules/tsmux/tests/extract_castif_ref.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Regenerate castif_ref.inc: castif's muxer functions, verbatim from git.
 
     python extract_castif_ref.py [COMMIT]     (default ccccb28, the last castif
diff --git a/modules/tsmux/tests/test_tsmux.py b/modules/tsmux/tests/test_tsmux.py
index 83cfccc1..5016b4e6 100644
--- a/modules/tsmux/tests/test_tsmux.py
+++ b/modules/tsmux/tests/test_tsmux.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """tsmux on unix MicroPython -- the media Phase 4 portable half.
 
 Muxes canned_160x96.h264 (90 frames, a keyframe every 30, from ffmpeg) into
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/manifest.py b/modules/usbhost/manifest.py
index ecd100ac..844df8f8 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # MicroPython manifest for usbhost.
 #
 # usbhost's native half, the `_usbhost` module built from ``src/``: the USB host
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tests/hardware/soft_reset_check.py b/modules/usbhost/tests/hardware/soft_reset_check.py
index 26554f1e..ecbf2bb9 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tests/hardware/soft_reset_check.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tests/hardware/soft_reset_check.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Soft reset check: usbhost shuts its hardware down on a soft reset.
 
 Run on the PC, with CPython and ``mpftp`` on the PATH (or named by ``MPFTP``),
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tests/hardware/uac_duplex_loopback.py b/modules/usbhost/tests/hardware/uac_duplex_loopback.py
index b98ed29b..51db5cbc 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tests/hardware/uac_duplex_loopback.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tests/hardware/uac_duplex_loopback.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """UAC host duplex check: play to a USB sound card and record from it at once.
 
 Run on a board that hosts a USB audio device whose output is looped back into
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tests/hardware/uac_host_ring_check.py b/modules/usbhost/tests/hardware/uac_host_ring_check.py
index 1b8ae074..2911b92e 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tests/hardware/uac_host_ring_check.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tests/hardware/uac_host_ring_check.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """UAC host ring check (usbif#36). Run on the HOST board.
 
 The host board plays to a hosted USB speaker (a P4 running
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tests/hardware/uac_play_tone.py b/modules/usbhost/tests/hardware/uac_play_tone.py
index 92acc860..5e42cc91 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tests/hardware/uac_play_tone.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tests/hardware/uac_play_tone.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Sound card stream check, host half (usbif#37). Run with Windows Python.
 
 Plays a 440 Hz sine to "Speakers (Espressif Device)" through WASAPI, then
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/host/audio_check.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/host/audio_check.py
index 3770e4a9..a867c5ec 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/host/audio_check.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/host/audio_check.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # usb.host.audio on usb.core: play a tone into the hosted speaker.
 import math
 import time
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/host/cdc_check.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/host/cdc_check.py
index 5ef4703c..8289f056 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/host/cdc_check.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/host/cdc_check.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # usb.host.cdc on usb.core: type a line into a hosted MicroPython board's REPL
 # over its USB serial port and read the answer back.
 import time
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/host/core_probe.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/host/core_probe.py
index f435f56c..7969e407 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/host/core_probe.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/host/core_probe.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # Board half of the usb.core check: list what's plugged into the host port,
 # then talk to a flash drive with nothing but usb.core's bulk transfers
 # (SCSI INQUIRY and READ CAPACITY over Bulk-Only Transport), and to a MIDI
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/host/kbd_device.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/host/kbd_device.py
index f81bf9ca..67312b10 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/host/kbd_device.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/host/kbd_device.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # The DEV-KIT as a USB keyboard on its device port (usb_hid on
 # machine.USBDevice, typed with adafruit_hid), for a host board to read.
 import time
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/host/kbd_host.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/host/kbd_host.py
index 5865ab91..9521d155 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/host/kbd_host.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/host/kbd_host.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # Read a hosted keyboard's key events through usb.host.hid for a while.
 import time
 
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/host/msc_mount_check.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/host/msc_mount_check.py
index 8bef2538..5f3792ba 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/host/msc_mount_check.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/host/msc_mount_check.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # Mount the flash drive on the host port through usb.host.msc, list it, then
 # write a small file, read it back, and remove it.
 import os
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/host/s3_uvc_grab.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/host/s3_uvc_grab.py
index aeab178e..c9e37c25 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/host/s3_uvc_grab.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/host/s3_uvc_grab.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # The S3 hosts a UVC camera through usb.host.video, streams for a while,
 # and saves the last whole frame to /frame.bin.
 import time
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/host/video_check.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/host/video_check.py
index 4d7d9a3b..433129a0 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/host/video_check.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/host/video_check.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # usb.host.video on usb.core: open the hosted camera, stream, decode a frame.
 import time
 
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/cdc_echo.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/cdc_echo.py
index 63c5b848..09c85803 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/cdc_echo.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/cdc_echo.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Echo a pattern through a board's extra USB serial port (Windows Python).
 
     python cdc_echo.py SERIAL [BYTES]
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/desc_check.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/desc_check.py
index a809a4bd..d68e5578 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/desc_check.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/desc_check.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Structural checks of a USB configuration descriptor, as a host receives it.
 
     python3 desc_check.py HEX SPEED IN_MAX         # HEX: the configuration bytes
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/host_board.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/host_board.py
index fac87824..f6a60d02 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/host_board.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/host_board.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # The board half of the proof matrix's host leg (tools/matrix/run_host.py).
 #
 # Runs on the board whose native port is the USB host, with usbhost's check
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/matrix_board.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/matrix_board.py
index adea5c88..90453a7b 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/matrix_board.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/matrix_board.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # The board half of the device-class proof matrix (tools/matrix/run_matrix.py).
 #
 # setup(names) brings up any combination of "cdc" (an extra serial port),
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/rawinput_count.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/rawinput_count.py
index 1e01b0a0..eabe5ffb 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/rawinput_count.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/rawinput_count.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Count raw mouse and keyboard reports from one USB device on Windows.
 
     python rawinput_count.py VID_303A SECONDS
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/run_host.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/run_host.py
index c5710914..556723f3 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/run_host.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/run_host.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """The proof matrix's host leg: a board's native port as USB host, checked
 against what's plugged into it. Runs in WSL; drives the host board (and a
 peer board, if one is given) over ``mpftp hold``. One command, one verdict:
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/run_matrix.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/run_matrix.py
index 06df2851..cdc894fe 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/run_matrix.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/run_matrix.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """The device-class proof matrix: every combination enumerates on Windows and
 moves data. Runs in WSL; drives the board over WebREPL with ``mpftp hold``.
 
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/usb_desc.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/usb_desc.py
index e7b207f2..a07e15b3 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/usb_desc.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/matrix/usb_desc.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """What Windows was told: a USB device's speed and its endpoints, from the hub.
 
     python usb_desc.py VID [SERIAL]       e.g.  python usb_desc.py 303A E8F60AE0F070
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/camera_board.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/camera_board.py
index 9165054f..dd41066a 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/camera_board.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/camera_board.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # Board half of the webcam stream check: bring up usb-device-video's camera
 # beside the console and keep its ring fed with colour bars (YUY2), so a
 # computer that opens the camera sees eight vertical bars.
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/grab_frame.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/grab_frame.py
index 48660e5f..a56933c0 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/grab_frame.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/grab_frame.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Grab a frame from a named webcam and check it shows the colour bars
 (Windows Python: ffmpeg's dshow, numpy, Pillow).
 
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/play_tone.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/play_tone.py
index 66129aa3..0db01966 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/play_tone.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/play_tone.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Play a tone into a named output device (Windows Python, sounddevice).
 
     python play_tone.py NAME SECONDS [HZ] [LEVEL] [--beeps]
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/pump_board.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/pump_board.py
index 79c5cd4b..3d6e023e 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/pump_board.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/pump_board.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # Board half of the sound card through audiodsp's pump: usb-device-audio's
 # speaker writes into an audiopump.Ring from the USB interrupt
 # (Ring.from_usb), and audiodsp's pump plays that ring on the board's I2S
diff --git a/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/speaker_board.py b/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/speaker_board.py
index ee4ebf84..885b96f3 100644
--- a/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/speaker_board.py
+++ b/modules/usbhost/tools/stream/speaker_board.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # Board half of the sound-card stream check: bring up usb-device-audio's
 # speaker beside the console, then drain its ring for a while and report what
 # arrived. Driven over a held REPL (tools/stream/speaker_check.py).
diff --git a/modules/vision/manifest.py b/modules/vision/manifest.py
index 79944343..844df29a 100644
--- a/modules/vision/manifest.py
+++ b/modules/vision/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # vision: esp-vision's OpenMV-style image stack, compiled as it is
 # (modules/.esp-vision). C only; ESP32-P4 and ESP32-S3. image (with image.ImageIO),
 # espdl, and on the P4 h264 and rtsp; not sensor or display (see
diff --git a/patches/apply_patches.py b/patches/apply_patches.py
index f34bb618..d7743edb 100755
--- a/patches/apply_patches.py
+++ b/patches/apply_patches.py
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Prepare a MicroPython checkout for our builds.
 
 The checkout is moved to the tag in UPSTREAM, then gets every patch in
diff --git a/scripts/ci_scope.py b/scripts/ci_scope.py
index cceeab9a..3c3a2aa0 100644
--- a/scripts/ci_scope.py
+++ b/scripts/ci_scope.py
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Say what a change can reach in the workflows that build firmware.
 
 A pull request is diffed against its base; a push to main from the commit main
diff --git a/scripts/freeze_list.py b/scripts/freeze_list.py
index 5bf09aa7..30964855 100755
--- a/scripts/freeze_list.py
+++ b/scripts/freeze_list.py
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """List what a manifest freezes, by name and hash, and compare two lists.
 
     scripts/freeze_list.py list --port-dir micropython/ports/unix \\
diff --git a/scripts/release_firmware.py b/scripts/release_firmware.py
index 6d02343a..8394d532 100755
--- a/scripts/release_firmware.py
+++ b/scripts/release_firmware.py
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """The firmware set: which boards, how each is built, and the checks on the result.
 
 .github/workflows/release-firmware.yml calls this; every step also runs by hand
diff --git a/scripts/stage_firmware_page.py b/scripts/stage_firmware_page.py
index 407d3757..eb103292 100644
--- a/scripts/stage_firmware_page.py
+++ b/scripts/stage_firmware_page.py
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Lay a firmware set out for the download page.
 
     stage_firmware_page.py <firmware-dir> <page-dir> [--interpreters FILE |
diff --git a/scripts/update_provenance.py b/scripts/update_provenance.py
index b56de77c..9ef05075 100644
--- a/scripts/update_provenance.py
+++ b/scripts/update_provenance.py
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Keep provenance.json in step with the tree.
 
 provenance.json records the MicroPython pin and the SHA-256 of every patch in
diff --git a/scripts/wasm_provenance.py b/scripts/wasm_provenance.py
index 6f8c5f31..9f1ced0a 100644
--- a/scripts/wasm_provenance.py
+++ b/scripts/wasm_provenance.py
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Write micropython.wasm.provenance for a webassembly build.
 
 The website and workbench keep this file beside the runtime they serve, so a
diff --git a/tests/test_build_mp.py b/tests/test_build_mp.py
index 7f634a2e..da76c7c5 100644
--- a/tests/test_build_mp.py
+++ b/tests/test_build_mp.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Unit tests for build_mp.py's decisions that need no build.
 
     PYTHONPATH=tests python3 -m unittest test_build_mp -v
diff --git a/tests/test_ci_scope.py b/tests/test_ci_scope.py
index 61b10a8a..a4383f8b 100644
--- a/tests/test_ci_scope.py
+++ b/tests/test_ci_scope.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """scripts/ci_scope.py: which jobs of the firmware workflows a change can reach."""
 
 import re
diff --git a/tests/test_freeze_list.py b/tests/test_freeze_list.py
index f4617bc9..ebe8b659 100644
--- a/tests/test_freeze_list.py
+++ b/tests/test_freeze_list.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Unit tests for scripts/freeze_list.py's comparison and, with a prepared
 MicroPython checkout, its reading of a manifest.
 
diff --git a/tests/test_lib_overrides.py b/tests/test_lib_overrides.py
index 36feecb8..576344d7 100644
--- a/tests/test_lib_overrides.py
+++ b/tests/test_lib_overrides.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """lib-overrides/mip is micropython-lib's mip plus the marked patch, nothing else."""
 import pathlib
 import re
diff --git a/tests/test_provenance.py b/tests/test_provenance.py
index 398ba881..d73f72d4 100644
--- a/tests/test_provenance.py
+++ b/tests/test_provenance.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Tests for scripts/update_provenance.py, and the check that the committed
 provenance.json is current.
 
diff --git a/tests/test_release_firmware.py b/tests/test_release_firmware.py
index 070ee52f..8220fcee 100644
--- a/tests/test_release_firmware.py
+++ b/tests/test_release_firmware.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Tests for scripts/release_firmware.py: the cell table and the checks
 `assemble` makes on what the builds hand over. Nothing is built.
 
diff --git a/tests/test_stage_firmware_page.py b/tests/test_stage_firmware_page.py
index ec8cbf92..42463682 100644
--- a/tests/test_stage_firmware_page.py
+++ b/tests/test_stage_firmware_page.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Tests for scripts/stage_firmware_page.py.
 
     PYTHONPATH=tests python3 -m unittest test_stage_firmware_page -v
diff --git a/variants/desktop-board.py b/variants/desktop-board.py
index 08ed3ab3..b73a527f 100644
--- a/variants/desktop-board.py
+++ b/variants/desktop-board.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # The desktop and browser images' board config, frozen, from omnipython-lib:
 # board_config and board_peripherals from its `desktop` package, and the
 # desktop-only helpers pydevices-desktop carries (the pure-Python SDL2 and
diff --git a/variants/esp32/ESP32_GENERIC_P4/WIFI6_DEV_KIT_H2/manifest.py b/variants/esp32/ESP32_GENERIC_P4/WIFI6_DEV_KIT_H2/manifest.py
index ca8fb46d..81c8dc98 100644
--- a/variants/esp32/ESP32_GENERIC_P4/WIFI6_DEV_KIT_H2/manifest.py
+++ b/variants/esp32/ESP32_GENERIC_P4/WIFI6_DEV_KIT_H2/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # The DEV-KIT's frozen content: the port's and the modules you named
 # (modules/manifest.py), plus the USB packages this board's apps import and
 # midiports, frozen so the board runs without a mip install. Only this variant
diff --git a/variants/unix/pydevices/manifest.py b/variants/unix/pydevices/manifest.py
index 0dbfb816..c076d01e 100644
--- a/variants/unix/pydevices/manifest.py
+++ b/variants/unix/pydevices/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # The PyDevices desktop build: the port's own content and the modules you
 # named (modules/manifest.py), plus the universal desktop board config,
 # frozen. A board_config.py beside your script still wins: the script's
diff --git a/variants/webassembly/pydevices/manifest.py b/variants/webassembly/pydevices/manifest.py
index 25bddd52..80c07a38 100644
--- a/variants/webassembly/pydevices/manifest.py
+++ b/variants/webassembly/pydevices/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # The direct browser runtime. This variant brings its own port content rather
 # than modules/manifest.py's:
 # its Fetch-backed requests module must be frozen before anything resolves
diff --git a/variants/webassembly/pydevices/requests.py b/variants/webassembly/pydevices/requests.py
index ec5e8686..b3cd9762 100644
--- a/variants/webassembly/pydevices/requests.py
+++ b/variants/webassembly/pydevices/requests.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 """Small requests-compatible facade over the builtin Fetch bridge."""
 
 import io
diff --git a/variants/windows/pydevices/manifest.py b/variants/windows/pydevices/manifest.py
index 0dbfb816..c076d01e 100644
--- a/variants/windows/pydevices/manifest.py
+++ b/variants/windows/pydevices/manifest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Brad Barnett
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 # The PyDevices desktop build: the port's own content and the modules you
 # named (modules/manifest.py), plus the universal desktop board config,
 # frozen. A board_config.py beside your script still wins: the script's