diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2b7e86a..175d29f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,6 +2,11 @@
 
 ## Unreleased
 
+- `lich serve` queues frames per session on each connection instead of
+  per connection (#144). A long `prompt.submit` no longer holds up other
+  sessions or session-less frames such as `health` on the same socket. Frames
+  for one session keep their order; replies across sessions may interleave,
+  so clients match them by JSON-RPC `id` (Ossuary already does).
 - Gateway (#144): sender allowlists and the gateway toolset are one
   `GatewayPolicy`, built from config at startup (`src/gateway/access.ts`).
   Platform adapters declare `capabilities` (`{ kind: "text", max_reply_chars }`);
diff --git a/docs/architecture/serve.md b/docs/architecture/serve.md
index a1ca313..78056d9 100644
--- a/docs/architecture/serve.md
+++ b/docs/architecture/serve.md
@@ -84,8 +84,9 @@ about it from the next `session.clear` or `prompt.submit` failing with
 `not_found`. Evicted transcripts stay on disk and can be resumed again.
 
 `prompt.submit` runs the server Agent with that bag's history and
-`AgentRunOptions.session` (one JSONL file per serve session). Runs are serialized
-so AgentEvent fan-out stays correctly tagged with `session_id`. While a run is
+`AgentRunOptions.session` (one JSONL file per serve session). Runs of one
+session are serialized; different sessions run concurrently. Each run's events
+arrive through its own `on_event` and are tagged with that run's `session_id`. While a run is
 in flight, `prompt.abort` aborts it via `AbortSignal`. The submit result mirrors
 `AgentRunResult` (`reply`, `usage`, `session_path`, `turns_used`, `stopped_reason`).
 
@@ -113,8 +114,12 @@ same WebSocket that issued `prompt.submit` while the call is still in flight.
   do not assume `file://` / `app://` behavior here.
 - Frame size capped at ~1 MiB (`maxPayload`).
 - `health` returns `{ status: "ok", version }` (`LICH_VERSION` from `src/version.ts`).
-- Frames are handled per-connection in arrival order: pipelined requests get
-  in-order replies even when earlier requests hit slower filesystem awaits.
+- Frames are queued per session within a connection: frames whose
+  `params.session_id` match are handled in arrival order and get in-order
+  replies, while other sessions, and frames that name no session (such as
+  `health`, `session.list` or `session.create`), do not wait behind them.
+  Replies from different sessions can therefore interleave; match them by
+  JSON-RPC `id`.
   `prompt.abort` is dispatched immediately so it can cancel an in-flight
   `prompt.submit` on the same socket instead of waiting behind that run.
   A submit already accepted on that socket, but still waiting behind another
diff --git a/src/serve/server.ts b/src/serve/server.ts
index 082117d..a8f5ebd 100644
--- a/src/serve/server.ts
+++ b/src/serve/server.ts
@@ -233,11 +233,13 @@ function attach_client(
   prompts: ServePromptService | undefined,
   inflight: Set<Promise<void>>,
 ): void {
-  // Serialize frames per connection: pipelined requests get in-order replies,
-  // and the tail catch keeps any rejection from becoming an unhandled one.
-  // prompt.abort is not on that tail. It must run while prompt.submit is still
+  // Serialize frames per session on this connection: frames for one session_id
+  // get in-order replies, while different sessions (and session-less frames
+  // such as health or session.list) no longer wait behind each other's runs.
+  // Replies across lanes can interleave; clients match them by JSON-RPC id.
+  // prompt.abort is on no lane. It must run while prompt.submit is still
   // awaiting the model; waiting would deadlock a hung run with its own cancel.
-  let tail: Promise<void> = Promise.resolve();
+  const tails = new Map<string, Promise<void>>();
   const track = (chain: Promise<void>): void => {
     inflight.add(chain);
     void chain.finally(() => {
@@ -256,12 +258,29 @@ function attach_client(
     // Arm the controller before this frame waits on `tail`, so prompt.abort
     // (which skips the tail) can cancel a submit that has not started yet.
     const prepared = arm_queued_submit(data, prompts);
-    const chain = tail.then(() => run_frame(data, prepared));
-    tail = chain;
+    const lane = frame_lane(data);
+    const chain = (tails.get(lane) ?? Promise.resolve()).then(() => run_frame(data, prepared));
+    tails.set(lane, chain);
     track(chain);
+    // Drop an idle lane so the map does not grow with every session ever used.
+    void chain.finally(() => {
+      if (tails.get(lane) === chain) {
+        tails.delete(lane);
+      }
+    });
   });
 }
 
+/** Lane for a frame: its params.session_id, or "" for frames that name no session. */
+function frame_lane(data: RawData): string {
+  const params = parse_frame_object(data)?.params;
+  if (typeof params !== "object" || params === null || Array.isArray(params)) {
+    return "";
+  }
+  const session_id = (params as { session_id?: unknown }).session_id;
+  return typeof session_id === "string" && session_id.length > 0 ? `session:${session_id}` : "";
+}
+
 interface PreparedSubmit {
   session_id: string;
   controller: AbortController;
diff --git a/test/serve_prompts.test.ts b/test/serve_prompts.test.ts
index f1a4dc7..b384e30 100644
--- a/test/serve_prompts.test.ts
+++ b/test/serve_prompts.test.ts
@@ -1104,11 +1104,12 @@ describe("serve prompt over websocket", () => {
         return body;
       });
       await started;
+      // Same session_id, so this frame shares the submit's lane and must wait behind it.
       const health_promise = request_rpc(ws, {
         jsonrpc: "2.0",
         id: 4,
         method: "health",
-        params: { note: "prompt.abort" },
+        params: { session_id, note: "prompt.abort" },
       }).then((body) => {
         order.push(4);
         return body;
@@ -1142,6 +1143,67 @@ describe("serve prompt over websocket", () => {
     }
   });
 
+  it("runs different sessions on one connection concurrently, and session-less frames do not wait", async () => {
+    const work_dir = await make_temp_dir("serve-ws-lanes");
+    const session_dir = path.join(work_dir, "sessions");
+    let release_hang!: () => void;
+    const hang = new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+      release_hang = resolve;
+    });
+    let hang_started!: () => void;
+    const started = new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+      hang_started = resolve;
+    });
+    const fetch_fn: typeof fetch = async (_url, init) => {
+      const body = JSON.parse(String(init?.body)) as { messages: Array<{ content?: string }> };
+      if (body.messages.some((message) => message.content === "hang")) {
+        hang_started();
+        await hang;
+      }
+      return new Response(
+        JSON.stringify({
+          model: "mock-model",
+          choices: [{ message: { role: "assistant", content: "done" }, finish_reason: "stop" }],
+          usage: { prompt_tokens: 1, completion_tokens: 1, total_tokens: 2 },
+        }),
+        { status: 200 },
+      );
+    };
+    const agent = mock_agent(work_dir, fetch_fn);
+    const server = create_serve_server({ port: 0, boot_stdout: null, session_dir, agent, version: "9.9.9" });
+    servers.push(server);
+    const boot = await server.start();
+    const ws = await open_ws(`ws://127.0.0.1:${boot.port}/?token=${encodeURIComponent(boot.token)}`);
+    try {
+      const create = async (id: number): Promise<string> =>
+        ((await request_rpc(ws, { jsonrpc: "2.0", id, method: "session.create", params: { source: "test" } })).result as {
+          session_id: string;
+        }).session_id;
+      const a = await create(1);
+      const b = await create(2);
+      const order: string[] = [];
+      const slow = request_rpc(ws, { jsonrpc: "2.0", id: 3, method: "prompt.submit", params: { session_id: a, text: "hang" } }).then(
+        (body) => {
+          order.push("a");
+          return body;
+        },
+      );
+      await started;
+      const fast = await request_rpc(ws, { jsonrpc: "2.0", id: 4, method: "prompt.submit", params: { session_id: b, text: "hi" } });
+      order.push("b");
+      const health = await request_rpc(ws, { jsonrpc: "2.0", id: 5, method: "health" });
+      order.push("health");
+      expect(fast.result).toMatchObject({ session_id: b, stopped_reason: "final" });
+      expect(health.result).toBeDefined();
+      release_hang();
+      expect((await slow).result).toMatchObject({ session_id: a, stopped_reason: "final" });
+      expect(order).toEqual(["b", "health", "a"]);
+    } finally {
+      release_hang();
+      ws.close();
+    }
+  });
+
   it("stop() aborts an in-flight prompt instead of draining the model call", async () => {
     const work_dir = await make_temp_dir("serve-stop-abort");
     const session_dir = path.join(work_dir, "sessions");