diff --git a/src/components/SelectionList/SelectionListWithSections/BaseSelectionListWithSections.tsx b/src/components/SelectionList/SelectionListWithSections/BaseSelectionListWithSections.tsx
index e43ca335501f..365f03ac7d81 100644
--- a/src/components/SelectionList/SelectionListWithSections/BaseSelectionListWithSections.tsx
+++ b/src/components/SelectionList/SelectionListWithSections/BaseSelectionListWithSections.tsx
@@ -36,6 +36,18 @@ function getItemType(item: FlattenedItem<ListItem>): ValueOf<typeof CONST.SECTIO
     return item?.type ?? CONST.SECTION_LIST_ITEM_TYPE.ROW;
 }
 
+/**
+ * FlashList can pass a stale index here while its render stack syncs after the dataset shrinks, so item can be undefined.
+ * This happens e.g. when the data shrinks while the list is hidden by <Activity>, because the hidden list's disposed
+ * RecyclerViewManager keeps its old engaged indices.
+ */
+function keyExtractor(item: FlattenedItem<ListItem> | undefined, index: number): string {
+    if (!item) {
+        return index.toString();
+    }
+    return 'flatListKey' in item ? item.flatListKey : item.keyForList;
+}
+
 /**
  * FlashList paints its first frame in batches of `initialDrawBatchSize ** ceil(pass / 5)` rows, re-measuring every
  * mounted row on each pass. Rows stay at opacity 0 until that ends, so a bigger batch only means fewer passes.
@@ -373,7 +385,7 @@ function BaseSelectionListWithSectionsImpl({
                     getItemType={getItemType}
                     initialScrollIndex={targetScrollIndex}
                     overrideProps={FLASH_LIST_OVERRIDE_PROPS}
-                    keyExtractor={(item) => ('flatListKey' in item ? item.flatListKey : item.keyForList)}
+                    keyExtractor={keyExtractor}
                     onEndReached={onEndReached}
                     onEndReachedThreshold={onEndReachedThreshold}
                     onScrollBeginDrag={onScrollBeginDrag}
diff --git a/tests/unit/BaseSelectionListWithSectionsActivityTest.tsx b/tests/unit/BaseSelectionListWithSectionsActivityTest.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e5ecda82e571
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/BaseSelectionListWithSectionsActivityTest.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+import {render, screen} from '@testing-library/react-native';
+
+import OnyxListItemProvider from '@components/OnyxListItemProvider';
+import SingleSelectListItem from '@components/SelectionList/ListItem/SingleSelectListItem';
+import BaseSelectionListWithSections from '@components/SelectionList/SelectionListWithSections/BaseSelectionListWithSections';
+import type {FlattenedItem, ListItem} from '@components/SelectionList/SelectionListWithSections/types';
+
+import type Navigation from '@libs/Navigation/Navigation';
+
+import CONST from '@src/CONST';
+
+import type * as FlashListModule from '@shopify/flash-list';
+
+import * as NativeNavigation from '@react-navigation/native';
+import React, {Activity} from 'react';
+
+import waitForBatchedUpdatesWithAct from '../utils/waitForBatchedUpdatesWithAct';
+
+// FlashList's RecyclerViewManager looks items up by index (data[index]), so an index past the end of the data yields undefined
+type MaybeFlattenedItem = FlattenedItem<ListItem> | undefined;
+
+// Records the keyExtractor that BaseSelectionListWithSections hands to FlashList so it can be unit tested,
+// while still rendering the real FlashList so its render stack / engaged-indices logic runs.
+let mockLastKeyExtractor: FlashListModule.FlashListProps<MaybeFlattenedItem>['keyExtractor'];
+
+jest.mock('@shopify/flash-list', () => {
+    const ReactLocal = jest.requireActual<typeof React>('react');
+    const actual = jest.requireActual<typeof FlashListModule>('@shopify/flash-list');
+
+    function RecordingFlashList(props: FlashListModule.FlashListProps<MaybeFlattenedItem>) {
+        mockLastKeyExtractor = props.keyExtractor;
+        return ReactLocal.createElement(actual.FlashList<MaybeFlattenedItem>, props);
+    }
+
+    return {...actual, FlashList: RecordingFlashList};
+});
+
+jest.mock('@src/components/ConfirmedRoute.tsx');
+jest.mock('@react-navigation/native', () => {
+    const actualNav = jest.requireActual<typeof Navigation>('@react-navigation/native');
+    return {
+        ...actualNav,
+        useIsFocused: jest.fn(),
+        useFocusEffect: jest.fn(),
+        useNavigation: jest.fn(() => ({
+            isFocused: jest.fn(() => true),
+        })),
+    };
+});
+
+jest.mock('@hooks/useLocalize', () =>
+    jest.fn(() => ({
+        translate: jest.fn((key: string) => key),
+        numberFormat: jest.fn((num: number) => num.toString()),
+    })),
+);
+
+jest.mock('@hooks/useKeyboardShortcut', () => jest.fn());
+
+const LONG_LIST_LENGTH = 30;
+const SHORT_LIST_LENGTH = 2;
+
+function buildItems(length: number) {
+    return Array.from({length}, (_, index) => ({
+        text: `Item ${index}`,
+        keyForList: `${index}`,
+        isSelected: false,
+    }));
+}
+
+type CaptureErrorBoundaryProps = {
+    children: React.ReactNode;
+    onError: (error: Error) => void;
+};
+
+type CaptureErrorBoundaryState = {
+    error: Error | null;
+};
+
+/** Captures render errors (including ones thrown while the list is hidden by Activity) so the test can assert on them */
+class CaptureErrorBoundary extends React.Component<CaptureErrorBoundaryProps, CaptureErrorBoundaryState> {
+    constructor(props: CaptureErrorBoundaryProps) {
+        super(props);
+        this.state = {error: null};
+    }
+
+    static getDerivedStateFromError(error: Error): CaptureErrorBoundaryState {
+        return {error};
+    }
+
+    componentDidCatch(error: Error) {
+        this.props.onError(error);
+    }
+
+    render() {
+        if (this.state.error) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return this.props.children;
+    }
+}
+
+type ListUnderTestProps = {
+    itemCount: number;
+    isVisible: boolean;
+    onError: (error: Error) => void;
+};
+
+/** Mirrors MoneyRequestParticipantsSelector, which wraps its sections list in <Activity> */
+function ListUnderTest({itemCount, isVisible, onError}: ListUnderTestProps) {
+    return (
+        <CaptureErrorBoundary onError={onError}>
+            <Activity mode={isVisible ? 'visible' : 'hidden'}>
+                <OnyxListItemProvider>
+                    <BaseSelectionListWithSections
+                        sections={[{data: buildItems(itemCount), sectionIndex: 0}]}
+                        ListItem={SingleSelectListItem}
+                        onSelectRow={() => {}}
+                    />
+                </OnyxListItemProvider>
+            </Activity>
+        </CaptureErrorBoundary>
+    );
+}
+
+function getRenderedRowKeys() {
+    return screen
+        .queryAllByTestId(new RegExp(`^${CONST.BASE_LIST_ITEM_TEST_ID}\\d+$`), {includeHiddenElements: true})
+        .map((element) => String(element.props.testID).replace(CONST.BASE_LIST_ITEM_TEST_ID, ''))
+        .sort((a, b) => Number(a) - Number(b));
+}
+
+describe('BaseSelectionListWithSections inside Activity', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+        jest.mocked(NativeNavigation.useIsFocused).mockReturnValue(true);
+        mockLastKeyExtractor = undefined;
+    });
+
+    it('does not crash when the data shrinks while the list is hidden by Activity and is then revealed', async () => {
+        const errors: Error[] = [];
+        const onError = (error: Error) => errors.push(error);
+
+        // Given a visible list with enough rows that FlashList engages indices well past the future data length
+        const {rerender} = render(
+            <ListUnderTest
+                itemCount={LONG_LIST_LENGTH}
+                isVisible
+                onError={onError}
+            />,
+        );
+        await waitForBatchedUpdatesWithAct();
+        expect(getRenderedRowKeys().length).toBeGreaterThan(SHORT_LIST_LENGTH);
+
+        // When Activity hides the list, React runs FlashList's effect cleanups, which dispose its RecyclerViewManager
+        rerender(
+            <ListUnderTest
+                itemCount={LONG_LIST_LENGTH}
+                isVisible={false}
+                onError={onError}
+            />,
+        );
+        expect(errors).toEqual([]);
+
+        // When the data shrinks while hidden, the disposed manager can't recompute its engaged indices, so FlashList
+        // syncs its render stack with the stale ones and asks keyExtractor for keys of indices past the end of the data
+        rerender(
+            <ListUnderTest
+                itemCount={SHORT_LIST_LENGTH}
+                isVisible={false}
+                onError={onError}
+            />,
+        );
+
+        // Then the hidden re-render does not throw
+        expect(errors).toEqual([]);
+
+        // When the list is revealed again
+        rerender(
+            <ListUnderTest
+                itemCount={SHORT_LIST_LENGTH}
+                isVisible
+                onError={onError}
+            />,
+        );
+        await waitForBatchedUpdatesWithAct();
+
+        // Then nothing throws and only the remaining rows are rendered, with no stale rows left behind
+        expect(errors).toEqual([]);
+        expect(getRenderedRowKeys()).toEqual(['0', '1']);
+    });
+
+    it('does not crash when the data shrinks while the list stays visible', async () => {
+        const errors: Error[] = [];
+        const onError = (error: Error) => errors.push(error);
+
+        // Given a visible list with enough rows that FlashList engages indices well past the future data length
+        const {rerender} = render(
+            <ListUnderTest
+                itemCount={LONG_LIST_LENGTH}
+                isVisible
+                onError={onError}
+            />,
+        );
+        await waitForBatchedUpdatesWithAct();
+        expect(getRenderedRowKeys().length).toBeGreaterThan(SHORT_LIST_LENGTH);
+
+        // When the data shrinks without Activity ever hiding the list
+        rerender(
+            <ListUnderTest
+                itemCount={SHORT_LIST_LENGTH}
+                isVisible
+                onError={onError}
+            />,
+        );
+        await waitForBatchedUpdatesWithAct();
+
+        // Then FlashList recomputes its engaged indices and renders only the remaining rows
+        expect(errors).toEqual([]);
+        expect(getRenderedRowKeys()).toEqual(['0', '1']);
+    });
+
+    it('falls back to the index when FlashList passes a missing item to keyExtractor', () => {
+        // Given the list has rendered and handed its keyExtractor to FlashList
+        render(
+            <ListUnderTest
+                itemCount={SHORT_LIST_LENGTH}
+                isVisible
+                onError={() => {}}
+            />,
+        );
+        expect(mockLastKeyExtractor).toBeDefined();
+
+        // When FlashList asks for the key of an index past the end of the shrunk data, where data[index] is undefined
+        // Then the key falls back to the index instead of throwing
+        expect(mockLastKeyExtractor?.(undefined, 5)).toBe('5');
+    });
+});